![]() ![]() Sonochemistry of homogeneous ionic reactions. Ultrasound and polar homogeneous reactions. Ultrasonic acceleration of ester hydrolyses. Effect of ultrasound on ester hydrolysis in aqueous ethanol. Effect of refining of crude rice bran oil on the retention of oryzanol in the refined oil. Composition, industrial processing and applications of rice bran γ-oryzanol. Ultrasonic extraction of ferulic acid from ligusticum chuanxiong. Microwave-assisted extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography purification of ferulic acid from radix angelicae sinensis. ![]() Optimization of alkaline hydrolysis of paddy straw for ferulic acid extraction. Extraction and purification of ferulic acid from flax shives, wheat and corn bran by alkaline hydrolysis and pressurised solvents. Chemistry, natural sources, dietary intake and pharmacokinetic properties of ferulic acid: A review. Preparation, characterization and antioxidant property of water-soluble ferulic acid grafted chitosan. Influence of ferulic acid on γ-radiation induced DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in primary culture of isolated rat hepatocytes. Extraction of ferulic acid and caffeic acid with ionic liquids. Ferulic acid: Pharmacological and toxicological aspects. Ferulic acid inhibits UV-B–induced oxidative stress in human lymphocytes. Ferulic and p-coumaric acids extraction by alkaline hydrolysis of brewer's spent grain. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of ferulic acid: A comparative study with other natural oxidation inhibitors. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of caffeic and ferulic acids as topical photoprotective agents. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Hydrolysis of Ory-Extract from RBO Soapstock Using the heating method with the homogeneous system, the maximum yield of FA was attained to be 80%, and with assistance of ultrasonic irradiation, the yield reached 90% at 75 ☌ in 4 h. These results indicated that the hydrolysis of γ-oryzanol can be accelerated not only by the temperature, but also with agitation of ultrasonic irradiation, although it has been reported that the effect of ultrasound irradiations becomes less intense with increasing temperature. No significant effects on the FA yield were observed by the difference of those two frequencies. However, the yields increased to 65% at 60 ☌ and 90% at 75 ☌ with assistances of the ultrasonic irradiations (78 and 130 kHz). The yield of FA was 45% at 60 ☌, and 80% at 75 ☌ using the heating method. The effects of temperature and ultrasound irradiation on the yields were investigated by varying the temperatures of 60 and 75 ☌, and the irradiation frequencies of 78 and 130 kHz (50W), respectively. From soapstock, the 74.3% yield of FA was obtained, but 20% of the trans-FA in the reaction mixture was transformed into cis-form within one month. The heating method was applied for the γ-oryzanol-containing extract prepared from rice bran oil soapstock. With the assistance of 78 and 130 kHz irradiation, the yields reached 90%. By using a heating method, the 80% yield of FA was attained at 75 ☌ in 4 h under homogeneous conditions (initial concentration of γ-oryzanol 12 mg/mL, the KOH/γ-oryzanol ratio ( wt/wt) 10/1, and EtOH/EtOAc ratio ( v/v) 5/1). Acceleration of the reaction using a planar type of ultrasound sonicator (78 and 130 kHz) at different reaction temperatures was explored. In this study, the base-catalyzed, homogenous hydrolysis of γ-oryzanol was conducted using various ratios of potassium hydroxide (KOH) to γ-oryzanol, initial concentrations of γ-oryzanol in the reaction mixture, and ratios of ethanol (EtOH) (as cosolvent)/ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (γ-oryzanol solution). It has been produced by the hydrolysis of γ-oryzanol found in rice bran oil soapstock. Ferulic acid (FA) is widely used as an antioxidant, e.g., as a Ultraviolet (UV) protectant in cosmetics and in various medical applications. ![]()
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